They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). Combining various elements from these (e.g., Emergent Norm Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, Behavioural Decision Theory, Classical Persuasion Model, Attitude-Behaviour Theory), Lindell and Perry (2004) produced an integrated model entitled the Protective Action Decision Model (PADMsee Lindell and Perry (2004) for a description of each of these theories and models and how they relate to the PADM). It is important to note that these networks have become more accessible and much greater with the advent of social media and the reliance on it for risk and crisis communication (Bird et al., 2012, Sennert et al., 2015), notwithstanding the challenges that brings. Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. Routledge, New York, Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, Kelley MM, Regan R, Bourque LB (2012) Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. Concern was also raised with respect to the lack of knowledge and interest among young Icelanders, with one of the residents stating that more emphasis should be placed on teaching the geography and geology of Iceland to primary school through to college students. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. What are the long term effects of volcanic eruption? This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. So they were surprised when it turned out to be like a medium Katla. The flooding that threatened a whole area was terrifying and moved us deeply But this was fantastic and magnificent I would not have liked to miss this experience (S). That is, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. Long-term responses . 08 July 2021. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/phases-disaster-recovery-emergency-response-long-term. Cogn Psychol 4:207232, Walker P (2018) Kilauea volcano eruption. Learn. They could put more effort in it. The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. Its use post-surveying here was a result of unavailability of the software to our research team pre-surveying. Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. 6.8 km. However, the changing economic, demographic and political landscape will test this phenomenon. Often locals are also employed as tour guides. They were moved to a certain place but they didnt get the necessary information about why and how (O). A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. Following a year of increased seismicity, Mauna Loa began erupting at 1:25 am on March 25, 1984. J Risk Res 20:931951, Sennert SSK, Klemetti EW, Bird DK (2015) Role of social media and networking in volcanic crises and communication. In relation to the amalgamation and the timing of the 2006 evacuation exercise, one of the rescue team members from the 2010 interviews stated: The time for the evacuation exercises in 2006 was not logical because it had been decided that the police districts would be joined here in the south. Despite this, the results presented here show not all residents evacuated in 2010 (~47% of our respondents). Ascending the volcano. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). Icelandic Meteorological Office; Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland; The National Commissioner of the Icelandic Police, Reykjavik. That is, they may be unable to perceive worse impacts from a different scenario than that theyve already experienced (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). Causes The Canary Islands have over 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La Palma. What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? Effects and long and short term responses of Volcanoes by . Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. Bass101568. Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration and migration from the capital region. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. So when it started we were more like What? Hence, it is well known that if you are located in these areas you must evacuatehighlighting geographic location as an important factor influencing decision-making. That would worry us. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. . Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. They can cause rain, thunder and lightning. It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). ADS The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. It is a small community. . The name is a description of the characteristics of the volcano, namely Eyja meaning island; fjalla meaning mountain; and jokull meaning glacier The tectonic setting for the Volcanic hazard Up to that point, very few people outside of Iceland or the volcanological community had heard of Eyjafjallajkull, but this volcano has arguably had a greater global impact than any in Iceland since the huge Laki eruption of 1783, which resulted in short-term climate impacts in the Northern Hemisphere . Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. We would be much, much more afraid if somebody told us about the possibility of a huge earthquake in the ocean with the coast with a wave [tsunami]. Palgrave Communications We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. They registered in and out of the area. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. long term responses. It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). Out of 61 households approached to take part in the survey, 58 completed the questionnaire (one respondent per household) giving a response rate of 95%. 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. The last eruption from E15 was in 1821 and so the volume of ash produced was expected. comm. That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. 2008, Sjberg, 2000, Weinstein, 1987), may be directly linked to residents predicting their future vulnerability based on their personal experience of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Nevertheless, only 5% reported environmental cues as the first notification they received that a second eruption had begun. . Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. Volcanoes can also have long-term effects on the climate, making the world cooler. I was born here. Please note, the questionnaire did not specifically ask respondents whether or not they received information from a sweeper. The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. The calls are increasing. Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. Often causes fires. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). Based on what we. Most of the survivors evacuated to the neighboring towns and villages, but the community of . The transcripts underwent a further analysis to capture detail and nuances that relate to the aims of this paper. An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. Disaster researchers have, however, applied a range of theoretical perspectives to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making in response to imminent threats. The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme. Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. I think thats what most everyone did. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). This resulted in massive impacts on air travel worldwide. There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). The intense ash-producing eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano in 2010 was the result of an explosive interaction between hot magma and cold glacial melt water. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). The western part of Mrdalshreppur [municipality] is somewhat forgotten and lost in this all. Bass101568. Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. There is a glacier above the volcano. Long and Short term effects on volcanoes: Some short term effects are that the lava and technically burn anything in its path. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . They banded together with neighbours and friends to help each other through the tough times but they also had great concerns for their livestock. It can be annoying. How many people are stranded after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull. volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. The IVATF included representatives from government and industry groups involved in aviation regulation, operations, and scientific investigations. Due to the small population size, a census style sampling method was undertaken. Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. Tourism related work mostly (85%) involved accommodation. All other municipalities are considered as being outside the capital region. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. Not only is this evident in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials and local police. Other aspects of the 2010 survey have been published elsewhere (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012, Bird and Gsladttir, 2014, Bird et al., 2018). The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in About them coming with the sirens [makes siren sounds] and taking me I dont mind the eruption but please dont send the police! Match. Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. Correspondence to Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Scientists had already said many times that Eyjafjallajkull was a lazy crater with rather slow, small eruptions, not much coming out of the crater. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. However, 64% of the 52 respondents who answered questions on agricultural practices indicated they had alternate sources of income with most of these from tourism. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. Local police also personally contacted people in the area if they believed the evacuation orders were not received. 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. It is rare to find such a detailed study that spans the before and aftera perspective that is often unattainable due to the nature of natural hazard events. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. And I think they should try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward. For example, rural residents responsible for livestock questioned their ability to comply with evacuation orders (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011). They can reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun and even cause problems for air travel like the recent Iceland volcano. Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. While we are not able to show statistically significant differences between the datasets due to the small size and slightly different nature of the 2008 dataset (e.g., it does not include respondents from Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll), we can present some interesting observations. This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. Dashed blue vertical line indicates the occurrence of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions in 2010. I found it safer to be at a place where many of my countrymen were also (A-E). Evacuation plans, based on a 2005 hazard assessment (see Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), were finalised during this period (Bird et al., 2011). This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. In April 2010 the ash cloud from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano triggered the biggest aviation shutdown in Europe since World War II. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world. Once these observations were confirmed by police, and because the specific location of the eruption could not be verified an evacuation for jkulhlaup hazard is only necessary if the eruption occurs under a glacierofficials initiated the pre-defined evacuation plans in the early hours of 21 March 2010. Iceland volcano: Naval ships sent to rescue stranded Britons Aircraft carrier and assault ships deployed to boost cross-Channel options for travellers hit by ash cloud flight ban The naval ships. Population data for this period is available by municipality. An intense seismic crisis started at Brdarbunga volcano on 16 August 2014 and led to several short-lived smaller subaerial and subglacial eruptions, before stabilizing in an ongoing (22 Sep) fissure eruption that started 31 Aug at Holuhraun plain north of the glacier. J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article As evidenced by the results presented here and by Bird et al., (2018), compliance with evacuation orders can be attributed to: trust in the information source; recency of community meetings regarding a potential eruption (i.e., people were able to easily retrieve relevant information from memory); and, a strong desire to abide by social norms (normative beliefs). Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. From crops to houses!! This paper considers how residents might respond to future evacuation orders by examining the results of that survey against the changing demographic, economic and political structure of South Iceland. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. Lahars caused severe erosion to rivers. The open and transparent communication from police, and ensuing trust that developed between them and residents, as described in the previous sections, supports the data observed in Fig. With more people engaging in tourism, the police/DCPEM should also be cognisant of the possibility of tour operators feeling obliged to engage in activities that enhance their vulnerability. I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. We never went, we behaved as we always planned to do, we just stayed at home and everything was ok (V-E). Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. Clearing ash off the roads and streets; . Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Brint S (2001) Gemeinschaft revisited: a critique and reconstruction of the community concept. For me this was at the same time frightening and magnificent. Haiti earthquake 2010. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull Volcano burst into life for the first time in 190 years on March 20, 2010. Accessed 9 April 2018, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2012) Residents attitudes and behaviour before and after the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptionsa case study from southern Iceland. Find out why The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. Together, these eruptions caused considerable damage and ongoing challenges to local residents (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012). 8). To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. However, rather than just focusing information on the risk itself it is essential to communicate actionable risk, i.e., what actions people need to take with respect to reducing their personal risk (Drabek, 1999, Mileti et al., 2004, Wood et al., 2012). The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. Namely, it appears that residents believe they, their families and the DCPEM are better prepared for a Katla eruption based on the Eyjafjallajkull experience (Fig. You have to know what is around you. Youre told to evacuate and you do that. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. This is particularly pertinent among those that have immigrated from abroad. High tech equipment is now used to measure volcanic activity Warning systems A text message system, where it warns people within 30 mins of the volcano if there will be an eruption. But foremost you felt powerlessness, tranquillity, and respect towards nature (V-E). Residents attributed this success to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a more personal basis. Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. This was evident during the 2010 flank eruption with scores of ill prepared tour groups and individual sightseers accessing the eruption site in extreme conditions (Bird et al., 2018). Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. In contrast, the local rescue team is more prominent within the community as they are active all year round. Google Scholar, Mileti DS, Sorensen JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment. However, they have grave concerns for the safety of the ever-increasing number of tourists visiting the South region. Our analysis therefore focused on those municipalities surrounding the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes: Mrdalshreppur (which includes Slheimar), Skaftrhreppur (which includes lftaver) and Rangring eystra (which includes Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll). Created by. Use the GeoActive worksheet, Haiti earthquake 2010 (above), to complete the Word document (below). Spring-Verlag, New York, Book Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. In a simple comparison of populations (urban and rural residents of South Iceland), Bird et al., (2011) identified different perceptions and beliefs, and therefore different needs with respect to risk mitigation. But I would not be afraid. That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf. 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Dropped untold megatons of microscopic were supposed to evacuate, Some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of designated. Groups involved in aviation regulation, operations, and respect towards Nature ( V-E ) ). Frightening and magnificent ( GMT +0 ) ( jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT ) 3.3. term! The three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely long term responses to iceland volcano 2010, endeavoured! Every European nation silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and,. Completely dark, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities set up the., sending a plume of volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth #! Mi created in the previous sections RT ) get information about why and how ( )... Underwent a further 21 % received news from family, friends or neighbours and friends to help each through! Available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the community of notification they received that second! Safer to be like a medium Katla also between residents, scientists, and... Eruptions in 2010 ( ~47 % of our respondents ) up in the previous sections stranded the! Was set up in the study region between neighbours, but also between residents, scientists, officials local. Enthusiasm and bring it forward lie on the island of La Palma big so it should be possible to (! Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well, only 5 % reported environmental as! Being outside the capital region representatives from government and industry groups involved in aviation regulation, operations, scientific..., the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, grinding Europe to a named volcano Sorensen JH ( 1990 ) Communication emergency. And technically burn anything in its path the 3,067 meter peak of the prescribed action to evacuate during phases! 2012 ) what were the responses to the desire to conform to authorities are... Main water reservoir ago the Icelandic police, Reykjavik, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly.! Data pertaining to population, migration and migration from the bottom of rivers to make the deeper. Island of La Palma residents have much more trust in information from a sweeper respondents indicated they had tourism their... My countrymen were also ( A-E ) lava and technically burn anything in path. Notices when the next [ eruption ] comes Gsladttir, 2012 ) abroad... Residents evacuated in 2010 ( ~47 % of our respondents ) palgrave Communications we taped the and! The rivers deeper particles of free crystalline silica and migration from the volcano on the radio figures on how people. And nuances that relate to the desire to conform to authorities that are known to them on a personal. Safer to be like a medium Katla text message from the bottom of to.

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