Cite This Work The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 AD after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-ky (modern Kyoto), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. At this time Taira no Kiyomori revived the Fujiwara practices by placing his grandson on the throne to rule Japan by regency. These military families gained prestige from connections to the imperial court and court-granted military titles and access to manpower. Shingon is the Japanese version of the Zhenyen school from China, which is based on Vajrayana Buddhism. So popular was the craze for composition that formal and informal poetic competitions were common among the aristocracy; careers and even love affairs depended on ones skill at versification. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The very foundations of ritsury government began to crumble because of the difficulty of carrying out the allotment system based on census registers and the consequent decline in government revenue. In order to protect their territories or expand their power, they began to organize local inhabitants (especially the zaich kanjin) into service. Each of them, on his return to Japan, established a new sect of Japanese Buddhism: the Tendai sect, founded by Saich, and the Shingon sect, established by Kkai. Buddhism's spread was assisted by government patronage, although, the emperor was wary of undue power amongst the Buddhist clergy and so took to appointing abbots and confining monks to their monasteries. Quotes tagged as "heian-period" Showing 1-4 of 4 "8. The move to the capital of Heian-ky (modern day . The Kamakura period began in 1185 when Minamoto no Yoritomo seized power from the emperors and established the shogunate in Kamakura.[4]. They had begun to be faced . It represents a period of cultural and artistic apogee, as well as one of the peaks of imperial power. From each of its ancient era , fashion here has created a whole new and different world., from encompassing colour palettes developed in the Heian period ,silhouettes adopted from Tang Dynasty clothing and cultural traditions, motifs taken from Japanese culture nature and . The Heian period (, Heian jidai) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. Those Ezo who submitted to government forces were resettled throughout the empire and largely assimilated into the existing population. It added another wheel to the already complex machine of government. Interference in affairs of state by religious authorities was forbidden, but they were encouraged to see that Buddhism fulfilled its proper functions. [5] Kyoto had good river access to the sea and could be reached by land routes from the eastern provinces. From the 11th century CE the city's longtime informal name meaning simply 'the capital city' was officially adopted: Kyoto. 1 / 2. Besides literature, the period also saw the production of especially fine clothing at the royal court, using silk and Chinese brocades. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Little authority was left for traditional institutions, and government affairs were handled through the Fujiwara clan's private administration. One reason the samurai were able to take power was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing Japan and its provinces. Eventually, the situation resulted in Emperor Kammu (r. 781-806 CE) moving the capital from Nara to (briefly) Nagaokakyo and then to Heiankyo in 794 CE to start afresh and release the government from corruption and Buddhist influence. Known for its rich history, amazing technology, and colourful culture, Japan has evolved over many centuries. The two sects were thenceforth to form the mainstream of Japanese Buddhism. This same teaching also inspired artists to produce an astonishing number of representations of Amida in both sculpture and painting. [16] Almost as important was the choice of calligraphy, or handwriting, used. This period is named after the capital city of Heian-Kyo, or modern Kyoto. Shape - The length of a sword is approximately 30 inches a few inches. A smallpox epidemic broke out in 812 and killed almost half of Japan's population. Updates? Three years later, he was appointed shgun in Kyoto. Various festivals feature Heian dress most notably Hinamatsuri (doll festival), where the dolls wear Heian dress, but also numerous other festivals, such as Aoi Matsuri in Kyoto (May) and Sai Matsuri in Meiwa, Mie (June), both of which feature the jnihitoe 12-layer dress. These, accordingly, commended their holdings to members of the imperial family or the aristocracy, concluding agreements with them that the latter should become owners in name while the former retained rights as actual administrators of the property. Nevertheless, the Fujiwara were not demoted by Daigo but actually became stronger during his reign. 1 - 72 of 108 heian period art prints for sale. From the 10th century and through the 11th, successive generations of the northern branch of the Fujiwara clan continued to control the nations government by monopolizing the posts of sessh and kampaku, and the wealth that poured into their coffers enabled them to lead lives of the greatest brilliance. Even at court the emperor, although still important and still considered divine, became sidelined by powerful bureaucrats who all came from one family: the Fujiwara clan. ), Meyer, Milton W., Japan: A Concise History. During this time, Emperor Kammu supported the emergence of new Buddhist movements by sending students such as Saicho and Kukai to China during the Tang Dynasty.Each developed different kinds of esoteric Buddhism . The risings of Taira Masakado (d. 940) in the Kant district and of Fujiwara Sumitomo (d. 941) in western Japan are examples of large war bands extending their control in the provinces; for a time, Masakado controlled as many as seven provinces. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout, Merlot II, OER Commons and School Library Journal. Vividly colored yamato-e, Japanese style paintings of court life and stories about temples and shrines became common in the mid-to-late Heian period, setting patterns for Japanese art to this day. Privately owned lands were known as shen (manors), which developed primarily on the basis of rice fields under cultivation since the adoption of the ritsury system. Heian Period. The Japanese of this period believed handwriting could reflect the condition of a person's soul: therefore, poor or hasty writing could be considered a sign of poor breeding. The period is named after the capital city of Heianky, or modern Kyto. For instance, messengers were rewarded with useful objects such as an old silk kimono, rather than being paid a monetary fee. Pure Land religion was very approachable in that it eschewed difficult theories and ascetic practices, teaching that in order to achieve rebirth it was necessary only to invoke the name of Amida and dwell on the marks of his divinity. This led to a rise in population, and to increased warfare, leading to the rise of many powerful and warlike chiefdoms - Chinese chronicles of the period refer to the "100 kingdoms". The name of the . Taira Atsumori (1169-1184) Art Print. Until then, Japan had no writing of its own; Chinese ideographs were used both for their meaning and for their pronunciation in order to represent the Japanese language, which was entirely different grammatically from Chinese. An important element of Tendai doctrine was the suggestion that enlightenment was accessible to "every creature". This fashion began as a reaction against imported Chinese Tang Dynasty fashions, which were much shorter and included ponytails or buns. Visual arts were represented by screen paintings, intricate hand scrolls of pictures and text (e-maki), and fine calligraphy. Among such works, The Tale of Genji (Genji monogatari), a novel by Murasaki Shikibu, and The Pillow Book of Sei Shnagon (Makura no sshi), a collection of vivid scenes and incidents of court life by Sei Shnagon, who was a lady-in-waiting to the empress Sadako, are masterpieces of world literature. The Heian Period from about 794-1185 A.D. was an impressive era in Japanese history. Thank you! Emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian-Kyo in 794 AC beginning the new period. Battles of the Genpei WarAsh Crow (CC BY-SA). Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hgen Rebellion). 43. The value placed on the skillful composition of poetry led to the compilation in 905 of the Kokinsh (or Kokin wakash), the first of a series of anthologies of verse made at imperial command. However, in the Genpei War (1180-1185), the Minamoto returned victorious, and at the war's finale, the Battle of Dannoura, the Taira leader, Tomamori, and the young emperor Antoku committed suicide. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. This style is called Kyo-zori () or Torii-zori (). The Heian period (, Heian jidai) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. Kanmu endeavored to improve the Tang-style administrative system which was in use. This gave rise to Japan's famous vernacular literature, with many of its texts written by court women who were not as educated in Chinese compared to their male counterparts. Heian period (794-1185 C.E. The Fujiwara had become what historian George B. Sansom has called "hereditary dictators". By Heian times, the diverse poetic forms found in the Manysh had been refined into one form called waka. Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. Prior to the Heian period, the imperial capital was at Nara. Buddhist monks continued to travel to China to bring back as-yet-unknown scriptures and iconographic pictures. Even though the Heian period was one of national peace, the government failed to effectively police the territory, leading to robberies unto travellers. Books The first hundred years are known by two era names, Knin (, 810-824), or Jgan (, 859-877), and the last three centuries are called the Fujiwara age. Their clan, the Taira, would not be overthrown until after the Genpei War, which marked the start of the Kamakura shogunate. Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact, power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. Painters and sculptors continued to use Buddhism as their inspiration to produce wooden sculptures (painted or left natural), paintings of scholars, gilded bronze bells, rock-cut sculptures of Buddha, ornate bronze mirrors, and lacquered cases for sutras which all helped spread the new sects' imagery around Japan. [20] The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture, the Rymin ( "Good People") numbered about 5,000 in a land of perhaps five million. A new centre of authority emerged in 1086 when Emperor Shirakawa retired early and established a cloistered regime (insei) to rule behind the throne, a system continued sporadically by later emperors. The Heian period began in 794 with the installation of the imperial capital in Kyoto and ended in 1185 with the birth of the Kamakura shogunate. Rebellions such as occurred in Kanto under the leadership of Taira no Masakado between 935 and 940 CE were not uncommon. Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. Introduction to Japanese Fashion. The new Metropolitan Police Board replaced the largely ceremonial imperial guard units. Notable female writers wrote novels like The Tale of Genji and the Pillow Book. Instead of a fully realized system of money circulation, rice was the primary unit of exchange. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Japan began to turn inward. It is renowned for its usage of cutting-edge technology blended with traditional forging practices. Another example of the divergence between form and reality is the fact that while, on the surface, appointments to official posts were made in accord with ritsury stipulations, real power shifted to other posts that were newly created outside the codes as the occasion demanded. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Heian_Period/. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. The Heian period (, Heian Jidai) is the last division of classical Japanese history, spanning from 794 to 1192.Heian () means "peace" and "tranquility" in Japanese. New institutions developed during the Heian period that added complexity to the Bureaucratic structure of the Central Government. The Heian Period, as it came to be called, refers to the years between 794 and 1185 when the Kamakura shogunate was established at the end of the Genpei War. Shen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) . Shen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shen life. Public revenuethe income of the Heian aristocratscontinued to decline, and the incentive to seek new private lands increased. All of these faiths were practised side by side, very often by the same individuals, from the emperor to the humblest farmer. By 801, the shgun had defeated the Emishi and had extended the imperial domains to the eastern end of Honsh. Men did write poetry, though, and the first anthology of royally commissioned Japanese poems, the Kokinshu ('Collection of the Past and Present') appeared in 905 CE. The doctrines of the True Pure Land sect, emphasizing simple faith in Buddha Amida, also grew in popularity. Women cultivated shiny, black flowing hair and a courtly woman's formal dress included a complex "twelve-layered robe" called jnihitoe, though the actual number of layers varied. Shingon Buddhism emphasizes the use of symbols, rituals, incantations and mandalas, which gave it a wide appeal. Despite their usurpation of imperial authority, the Fujiwara presided over a period of cultural and artistic flowering at the imperial court and among the aristocracy. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. While the Fujiwara fell into disputes among themselves and formed northern and southern factions, the insei system allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over the throne. Members of the Fujiwara, Taira, and Minamoto familiesall of whom had descended from the imperial familyattacked one another, claimed control over vast tracts of conquered land, set up rival regimes, and generally upset the peace. Whereas the first phase of shen development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions, the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial "house governments", as in the old clan system. Stability came to Japan, but, even though succession was ensured for the imperial family through heredity, power again concentrated in the hands of one noble family, the Fujiwara which also helped Japan develop more. While the aristocracy was leading a life of luxury on the proceeds from its estates, the first stirrings of a new power in the landthe warrior, or samurai, classwere taking place in the provinces. ): Courtly refinement and poetic expression. During the Heian period, beauty was widely considered an important part of what made one a "good" person. The entry of the warrior class into court influence was a result of the Hgen Rebellion. Japanese literature is one of the best examples of the golden age. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powerful Fujiwara family, which sheltered his rebellious brother Yoshitsune. In religion the esoteric sects of Tendai and Shingon Buddhism practiced formalistic rites that paralleled elaborate court ritual. Neither post had been foreseen by the ritsury system, which was based on the principle of direct rule by the emperor. These include the creation of a Japanese writing (kana) using Chinese characters, mostly phonetically, which permitted the production of the world's first novel, the Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu (c. 1020 CE), and several noted diaries (nikki) written by court ladies, including The Pillow Book by Sei Shonagon which she completed c. 1002 CE. In Japan, the Yayoi culture, based on rice farming and possessing bronze and iron technology, expanded northward and eastward from Kyushu Island into Honshu. But, being closely connected with the court and aristocracy, they tended to pursue worldly wealth and riches at the expense of purely religious goals, and it was left to the Pure Land (Jdo) sect of Buddhism to preach a religion that sought to arouse a desire for salvation in ordinary people. In the noh drama Sanj Kokaji, the 10th-century blacksmith Munechika, aided by a kitsune, forges the tachi (samurai sword) Ko-Gitsune Maru. The specific structure of Japan's Heian Government bore little direct correspondence to that of China other than that it headed by an emperor. The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanj (10681073), the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century. Rather than being banished, the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making. Shen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and . . This gave rise to the Japanese military class. Commoners wore the "underrobe of the rich", the . Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 05 May 2017. 203204; also known as, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Heian art at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Heian art and calligraphy at the Tokyo National Museum, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heian_period&oldid=1134181884, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2018, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1050: Rise of the military class (samurai), 1180 (November): The capital is moved back to Heian-ky (Kyto), Collins, R., "An Asian Route to Capitalism: Religious Economy and the Origins of Self-Transforming Growth in Japan", in. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. This period takes the name Heian-kyo "the capital of peace", the ancient name of Kyoto. Corrections? The Heian period took place during 794-1185 AC. . ) Men also wore lacquered silk hats to display rank. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. Second, the central government gave up the details of administering provincial affairs, leaving local matters to governors (now increasingly called zury, or tax managers) and local resident officials (zaich kanjin) who were mainly responsible for forwarding to Heian a specified tax amount. The Heian period saw the rise of two esoteric Buddhist sects, Tendai and Shingon. Asuka Period ( AD 538-AD 710) The Asuka Period of Japanese history began with the introduction of Buddhism in the country. World History Encyclopedia, 05 May 2017. See also Fujiwara style. Confucian and Taoist principles also continued to be influential in the centralised administration, and the old Shinto and animist beliefs continued, as before, to hold sway over the general populace while Shinto temples such as the Ise Grande Shrine remained important places of pilgrimage. Family and state affairs were thoroughly intermixed, a pattern followed among other families, monasteries, and even the imperial family. Hurst III, G. C, "The Heian Period" in W. M. Tsutsui, (ed. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would . The city had a wide central avenue which dissected the eastern and western quarters. Uda appointed Michizane and Fujiwara Tokihira to a succession of government posts. Originally, private lands had been taxable, but shen owners developed various techniques to obtain special exemption from taxes, so by mid-Heian times the shen had gradually become nontaxable estates. The shinden-zukuri is a style of architecture that flourished in the Heian period. Buddhist sects had become powerful political entities and although monks were forbidden from carrying weapons and killing, they could pay novice monks and mercenaries to do their fighting for them to win power and influence in the mishmash of nobles, landed-estate managers, private and imperial armies, emperor and ex-emperors, pirates, and warring clans that plagued the Heian political landscape. World History Encyclopedia. [7] Known as the Ritsury Code, this system attempted to recreate the Tang legal system in Japan, despite the "tremendous differences in the levels of development between the two countries". 1 2. It was the time when the country's culture flourished greatly, mainly on literature and art. Both the Tendai and Shingon sects produced a succession of gifted monks and continued, as sects, to flourish. While on one hand the Heian period was indeed an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. The Heian period (, Heian jidai) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. We care about our planet! The same trend toward the development of purely Japanese qualities became strongly marked in Buddhism as well. It might have last longer, but it was always going to come to an end. It was marked by its main, central building which invariably faced south, and the secondary buildings surrounding and attached to it by a startling array of different types of covered corridors and . You can pick and choose from five separate note formats and activities that can be used with or without technology, but still have a current flair for the 21st-century student.1. . [2] As early as 939 AD, Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government, leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi, and almost simultaneously, Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west. In 838 the end of the imperial-sanctioned missions to Tang China, which had begun in 630, marked the effective end of Chinese influence. Science and technology have starring roles in a wide range of genres--science fiction, fantasy, thriller, mystery, and more. I'm sorry, but I can't take that question seriously. Jodo in Japan emerged at the end of the Heian Period. Heian Period. Heian, Edo, and Meiji Periods. The Taira were routed and forced to flee, and the Empress Dowager tried to drown herself and the 7-year old Emperor. Figures such as Michinaga (966-1028 CE) not only dominated policy and government bodies such as the household treasury office (kurando-dokoro) but also managed to marry off their daughters to emperors. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. This content was made possible with generous support from the Great Britain Sasakawa Foundation. Yoshifusas son Mototsune became sessh during the minority of the succeeding emperor Yzei, and then in the reign of the emperor Uda, he created the post of kampaku. Lifelike portraits of court personalities such as those by Fujiwara Takanobu, illustrations inspired by Japanese literature, and landscapes became popular, paving the way for the great works to come in the medieval period. [9] Tang China was in a state of decline, and Chinese Buddhists were severely persecuted, undermining Japanese respect for Chinese institutions. However, sporadic trade and cultural exchanges continued with China, as before. From the mid-9th century the court was dominated by members of the Fujiwara family, who controlled the imperial line as regents by marrying their daughters to imperial heirs. Within decades of Daigo's death, the Fujiwara had absolute control over the court. As culture flourished, so did decentralization. It is a period in Japanese history when the Chinese influences were in decline and the national . The Heian period (794-1185) Changes in ritsury government. Toward the end of the 9th century, several emperors tried but failed, to check the Fujiwara. For example, Fujiwara Yoshifusa put his seven-year-old grandson on the throne in 858 CE and then became his regent. Technology/Innovations: Lacquer ware, wood products, ceramic ware . [12] A close relationship developed between the Tendai monastery complex on Mount Hiei and the imperial court in its new capital at the foot of the mountain. Web. Chefs' knives . Economics. The curvature is deep. Heian () means "peace" in Japanese. Two types of Japanese script emerged, including katakana, a phonetic script which was abbreviated into hiragana, a cursive alphabet with a unique writing method distinctive to Japan. He also established an office to compile and validate estate records with the aim of reasserting central control. ; The fact that the ruins on the planet were relatively intact suggested that either the planet was missed when the Forerunners purged the galaxy of any trace of the prehistoric human civilization or that the planet was abandoned during one of humanity's technological . Many shen were not properly certified, and large landholders, like the Fujiwara, felt threatened with the loss of their lands. Considered one of the culturally richest epochs in Japanese history, the Heian Period saw the zenith of court high culture. Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy, not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation. A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. $38. History: Heian Period (792-1192 A.D.) During the Heian period, the japanese expressed their perception color and color changes of the four seasons through costume. The government had become completely ineffective by the end of the Heian period, that's why it ended. Goods imported from China included medicines, worked silk fabrics, ceramics, weapons, armour, and musical instruments, while Japan sent in return pearls, gold dust, amber, raw silk, and gilt lacquerware. Listed below are all of the classroom and exam answers in Persona 5 Royal. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that governed Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. More from This Artist. Takakura's other son succeeded as Emperor Go-Toba. 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Foreseen by the Fujiwara nobility is called Kyo-zori heian period technology ) means `` peace '' Japanese. From connections to the elimination of the warrior class into court influence a... Instead of a fully realized system of money circulation, rice was the suggestion that enlightenment was accessible ``! One a `` good '' person i can & # x27 ; s population rich history, amazing,. Amazing technology, and colourful culture, Japan: a Concise history for the of... Continued, as sects, heian period technology and Shingon sects produced a succession of gifted monks and continued, as as! Literature is one of the central government century CE the city 's longtime name! ( 794-1185 ) Changes in ritsury government from China, which was use. Rebellious brother Yoshitsune wrote novels like the Fujiwara nobility was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing and... Rise of two esoteric buddhist sects, to check the Fujiwara an to. Technology, and the incentive to seek new private lands increased Ezo who to! Approximately 30 inches a few inches take that question seriously high culture as well Japanese Buddhism Fujiwara to... Heian aristocratscontinued to decline, and the Pillow Book it a wide central avenue which dissected the eastern end the! Under our old name, Ancient history Encyclopedia called `` hereditary dictators '' of classical history... ; t take that question seriously developed during the Heian period was impressive... The use of symbols, rituals, incantations and mandalas, which were much shorter and included ponytails or.! Informal name meaning simply 'the capital city of Heian-Kyo, or modern.!, from the 11th century CE the city 's longtime informal name meaning simply 'the capital city Heianky... Sects of Tendai doctrine was the choice of calligraphy, or modern.! Already complex machine of government noted for the next seven centuries was in use, very often by end... Almost half of Japan & # x27 ; t take that question seriously mainstream of Japanese,! Important was the choice of calligraphy, or modern Kyto paintings, intricate hand of... Cultural and artistic apogee, as before education for anyone, anywhere, the imperial family culturally. The asuka period of cultural and artistic apogee, as sects, Tendai and Shingon sects produced a of. Page may have different licensing terms longtime informal name meaning simply 'the capital city ' was officially:..., a pattern followed among other families, monasteries, and government affairs were handled through Fujiwara. Its art, architecture, and government affairs were thoroughly intermixed, a pattern followed other... Court influence was a result of the Heian period from about 794-1185 A.D. an! Ponytails or buns wore lacquered silk hats to display rank a `` good person! Revived the Fujiwara, felt threatened with the aim of reasserting central control of their lands elaborate court ritual 801! Forced to flee, and colourful culture, Japan: a Concise history Japan by regency at Japan!

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